How Gold IRAs Work:
A Plain-English Guide

A Gold IRA is one of the most misunderstood financial products in America. Some people think it's risky. Some think it's a gimmick. Most just aren't sure what it actually is. This page explains exactly how it works — no jargon, no sales pitch.

Start Here: What Is an IRA?

An Individual Retirement Account (IRA) is a tax-advantaged savings account the U.S. government created to encourage Americans to save for retirement. Money inside an IRA grows either tax-deferred (Traditional IRA) or completely tax-free (Roth IRA). You don't pay taxes on gains, dividends, or interest each year the way you would in a regular brokerage account.

The vast majority of IRAs hold stocks, bonds, and mutual funds. But the IRS has always allowed IRAs to hold other assets — including physical precious metals. A Gold IRA is simply an IRA that holds physical gold (and potentially silver, platinum, or palladium) instead of, or in addition to, paper investments.

What Makes It "Self-Directed"?

Standard IRAs at Fidelity, Vanguard, or Schwab only allow investments in securities they offer — stocks, bonds, ETFs, and mutual funds. To hold physical gold, you need a Self-Directed IRA (SDIRA) — an IRA held by a specialized custodian that permits a broader range of assets, including precious metals, real estate, and private equity.

The term "self-directed" simply means you, the account holder, direct where the money is invested — rather than having a fund manager make those decisions. The IRS rules are identical to a standard IRA. The only difference is the custodian and the types of assets permitted.

The Three Parties Involved

Every Gold IRA involves three separate entities, which surprises many first-time investors:

• The Gold IRA Company (e.g., Augusta, Goldco, Noble Gold) — handles your account setup, educates you on your options, helps you select metals, and manages the relationship with the other parties. This is the company you call and interact with.
• The Custodian (e.g., Equity Trust, STRATA Trust) — the IRS-approved financial institution that legally holds your IRA, processes transactions, handles tax reporting, and sends you your annual statements. Required by law for all IRAs.
• The Depository (e.g., Delaware Depository, Brink's) — the highly secure, insured physical facility where your actual gold is stored. The IRS requires IRA metals be held by an approved third party — you cannot store them at home.

You deal primarily with the Gold IRA company. They coordinate the custodian and depository on your behalf.

What Metals Are Allowed?

The IRS is specific about which metals qualify for IRA ownership. Not all gold qualifies — collectible coins, jewelry, and metals below IRS purity thresholds are prohibited.

Metal	Minimum Purity	Approved Examples
Gold	.995 fine (99.5%)	American Gold Eagle, Canadian Maple Leaf, Austrian Philharmonic, gold bars from approved refiners
Silver	.999 fine (99.9%)	American Silver Eagle, Canadian Silver Maple Leaf, silver bars
Platinum	.9995 fine	American Platinum Eagle, platinum bars
Palladium	.9995 fine	Canadian Palladium Maple Leaf, palladium bars

→ Full guide: every approved coin, bar, and refiner — plus what's prohibited

Exception: The American Gold Eagle coin is approved despite being only .9167 fine — it was grandfathered in by Congress. All reputable Gold IRA companies will only offer IRS-approved products. If a company tries to sell you collectible or numismatic coins for your IRA, that is a red flag.

Traditional vs. Roth Gold IRA

Like any IRA, a Gold IRA can be structured as Traditional or Roth. This decision has more long-term financial impact than which company you choose or which metals you buy.

• Traditional Gold IRA: Contributions may be tax-deductible. Growth is tax-deferred. You pay income tax when you withdraw in retirement. Required Minimum Distributions begin at age 73.
• Roth Gold IRA: Contributions are made with after-tax dollars. Growth is completely tax-free. Withdrawals in retirement are tax-free. No Required Minimum Distributions ever.

For a detailed breakdown with real dollar examples, see our Tax Strategy page.

How Do You Get Money Into a Gold IRA?

There are three ways to fund a Gold IRA:

• Rollover from a 401k or existing IRA — the most common method. Move funds from an old employer 401k, 403b, TSP, or existing IRA directly into your Gold IRA. Done correctly, this is completely tax-free with no dollar limit on how much you can move.
• Annual contributions — contribute new money up to IRS limits ($7,000 in 2025, or $8,000 if you're 50 or older). Subject to income limits for Roth IRAs.
• Transfer from another IRA — move funds from an existing IRA at another custodian directly to your Gold IRA custodian. No taxes, no limits.

Most Gold IRA investors fund their account through a rollover — often from a 401k with a former employer they're no longer contributing to. See our Rollover Guide for step-by-step instructions.

What Does It Actually Cost?

Gold IRAs have fees that standard IRAs don't. Understanding the full cost picture before you open an account is important:

Fee Type	Typical Amount	What It Covers
Account Setup	$50–$150 one-time	Opening your self-directed IRA
Annual Custodian Fee	$75–$150/yr	IRA administration, tax reporting, statements
Storage Fee	$100–$250/yr	Secure depository storage of your metals
Dealer Markup	Varies by metal & company	The spread between spot price and purchase price
Seller/Transaction Fee	$25–$50 per transaction	Processing metal purchases or sales

Total annual carrying cost for most Gold IRAs runs $200–$400 per year in fees, excluding the dealer markup on initial purchase. Some companies waive fees for larger accounts or for a promotional period. Always request a full written fee schedule before committing.

How Do You Get Your Money Out?

Taking a distribution from a Gold IRA works the same as any IRA — with one practical difference: your assets are physical metal, not cash sitting in an account.

When you take a distribution, you have two options: the custodian can liquidate your metals to cash (which is then sent to you), or you can take an in-kind distribution — the physical metals are shipped to your address. Either way, the distribution is a taxable event for Traditional IRAs. For Roth IRAs, qualified distributions are tax-free.

Early withdrawals before age 59½ are subject to a 10% penalty plus income tax on the full amount — same as any IRA.